Discouraging HouseWrens

Above: A House Wren starts to remove a Black-capped Chickadee nest from a nestbox.
Typical damage to an egg pecked and removed from a box by a House Wren
A House Wren added sticks on top of this Tree Swallow nest. The 5 TRES babies had hatched on 5/27, this dummy nest was discovered on 6/2. Notice it is loose, does not entirely fill box, and lacks white spider cocoons, indicating it is a dummy nest.
House Wren above. Carolina Wren below. Note that Carolina Wrens (which have a white stripe over their eye) have NOT been known to destroy eggs/nestlings.
Above, a House Wren removes a Tree Swallow nest after taking out the eggs.

House Wren nest and eggs. Click on nest thumbnail for larger version.

Nestbox filled to bursting with sticks and twigs? Missing eggs, or pierced/broken eggs in the nest or on the ground with no other signs, even though you have a predator guard, and haven't seen House Sparrows around? It's probably a House Wren (HOWR). Some bluebird trail monitors wish to deter HOWR from using their boxes because of the havoc they can wreak, and this page provides advice on various approaches. However, BE ADVISED that the HOWR is a native bird and it is illegal to harm them in any way or to interfere with active nests.

Also see All About House Wrens, Another Perspective on House Wrens, Predator ID, VIDEO of HOWR egg attack, video of HOWR removing newborn bluebirds from nest, and Other Brown Birds.

House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon or HOWR) are small, brown, common, native, insect-eating birds with a cheerful song (although it can become grating when repeated at two second intervals). They are prolific, curious, and aggressively territorial during nesting season.

They have been known to destroy bluebird and other cavity nester's eggs by piercing them (holes of 3 mm or less, or a large ragged hole in the middle), and then often removing them from the nest. They can remove an entire chickadee nest in a matter of hours. In one study in eastern MA, 20% of Black-capped Chickadee nests were destroyed by House Wrens. Althea Sherman reported that House Wrens destroyed eggs of 29 different birds. House Wrens may even displace the uncommon Bewick's Wren.

There have been occasional reports of House Wrens killing young nestlings (4-5 days old) and throwing them out of the nest (Ann Wick, Linda Moore has a nestcam video showing three 1-2 day old bluebirds taken out of nest at about 8 p.m. and then again the next evening; also Linda S. reported 2 day old Carolina Wrens tossed out of box). Kendeigh (1941) reported death of an adult bird. House Wrens have also been observed filling a red-naped sapsucker nest with sticks while the sapsucker chicks were still in the nesting cavity.

In some areas, it appears that House Wrens and bluebirds peacefully co-exist. In other areas, with different birds, this is not the case.

Male House Wrens have a habit of filling up available nestboxes with sticks toattract females/prevent competition. When not used for nesting, these are called "dummy nests." Although they will learn to use nestboxes, unlike bluebirds, House Wrens can utilize natural nesting sites in trees and bushes. Therefore, some people choose not to encourage their use of bluebird nestboxes.

House Wrens arrive in my area (CT) later than bluebirds, so they are not usually a threat during the first brood.(See nesting timetable.) However, later in the season, they can cause significant losses. They are the #1 predator on my trail, and are actually a bigger problem than House Sparrows, because you can't remove active HOWR nests, eggs, young or trap adults.

If you have having problems with aggressive House Wrens, or wish to improve your chances of having bluebirds occupy your nestboxes, there are some techniques available, none of which are 100% effective. Remember that it is illegal to remove or destroy wren nests with eggs/fledglings, or adult wrens. Unlike House Sparrows and starlings, House Wrens are native, and protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. If you decide to let House Wrens nest in your boxes, be prepared to have nothing but House Wrens in that area in the future. Learn to recognize the House Wren song - when you hear it, other nests may be in danger.

Methods of discouraging House Wren nesting include removing dummy nests, avoiding marginal habitat, use of a classic wren guard, half circle wren guard, raised roof nestbox, modified Noel guard, opening/plugging the nestbox, raising the height, avoid slot boxes, avoid gourds on trees, keep them busy, other methods, what doesn't work, and other points of interest. Also see unusual House Wren nest made almost entirely of grass. Bob Benson was thinking of hanging a sign on his boxes that say "Not for Wrent."

Dummy nests (no lined nest cup with feathers or eggs) may be removed and destroyed. Dummy nests generally consist of loose sticks only (no lining of feathers or fibers.) They seem to sometimes (but not always) lack the white fuzzy spider cocoons that House Wrens use on active nests. A nest with a lining would be considered an active nest and must be left alone under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. You can assume a nest is a dummy if it has no eggs in it after 3 weeks. DO try to determine that the source is a House Wren, and not a Bewick's Wren, which is uncommon or in decline in some areas.

You may need to repeatedly remove the sticks and twigs or a dummy nest, or leave the box open or plugged for a week or two. Removing sticks usually requires daily visits, as a HOWR can fill up a box in a day. Other birds may avoid using a box that has dummy nest sticks in it.

Don't put the sticks on the ground near the nest, as this probably makes reuse easier. If you do remove a dummy nest, and another native bird (e.g., bluebird) decides to use that box, the wrens may return and pierce/remove the eggs.

Avoid marginal bluebird habitat. Installing/moving nestboxes at least 50 and preferably 200-300 feet away from brushy and heavily wooded areas (thickets, brambles, trees or shrubbery), or riparian areas (next to streams, etc.) may decrease the likelihood of House Wrens using the box. If it is an option, place boxes near conifers, instead of near deciduous trees. Removing brush near a box may also help. hrubbery appears to be a bigger attractant than trees. Facing the entrance hole away from shrubbery may help a bit. Some people have had success with boxes 40-100 feet away from shrubbery - others have had House Wrens use boxes over 1,000 feet away from wooded areas. House Wren populations appear to be increasing. As nesting pressure increases, or as the season progresses, they may move farther and farther away from what is considered "ideal" House Wren habitat. The size of a HOWRs territory is not known, but may be about 100-230 feet from the nest site (about 1 to 2.3 acres). Dr. Kevin Berner believes that moving boxes away from HOWR habitat, especially boxes used in the past by HOWR, is the best deterrent. (see article)

Avoid crowded single boxes: The Bluebird Recovery Association of Wisconsin found that crowded single boxes (multiple boxes 100 feet to 100 yards apart) seemed to attract both House Wrens and House Sparrows. There were fewer HOWR in boxes 100 yards apart (and more bluebirds.)

Open or plug box. Plug up a nestbox (a $1.79 rubber drain plug works well) where you have found dummy nests, or leave the door to the box open for 3-7 days up to 2 weeks if House Wrens attempt to claim the box. The problem with this method is that it may encourage the wren to attempt to claim another nestbox that has other birds actively nesting in it.

Try a modified Noel guard: Suggestion from Bernie Daniel: When a Chickadee or bluebird is established (i.e., a nest or eggs) build a "vanity front porch" on the box for them. Cut an old 2 quart milk carton in half. Cut a 1.5' hole in the bottom. Trim back the sides to about 4" in depth (now you have created a 4" bowl with a hole the bottom.) Center the hole in the bottom of the former milk carton over the nestbox hole and tack it onto the door. You can cut the bottom of the "porch" off so it is easier to attach and so that the Chickadee has access to the wooden door -- but keep the sides and top in place. (Basically this is a just a plastic "Noel guard" with no bottom). This creates a vestibule that prevents the wren for seeing the chickadee fly into the hole. Thus, the wren has less interest in what the chickadee is doing. Daniel has never lost a nest to wrens since using this method.

Avoid slot, Gilbertson and Gilwood boxes especially near typical wren habitat. The slot opening seems to make it easy for House Wrens to bring sticks in, which may make the box more attractive. House Wrens may also be attracted to Gilwood boxes, which have a larger opening. Both the Gilwood and Gilbertson have small interiors. Try boxes with larger floor size, as House Wrens may prefer smaller floors. However, I did see a House Wren dummy nest in a Zuern tree branch box.

Avoid gourds hung on trees: House Wrens seem to be attracted to these. Also, it is not possible to clean out natural gourds.

Keep them busy: Put up a number of wren houses without predator guards in a very small area in prime wren habitat, away from bluebird boxes. Then continually remove the dummy nests. This may keep the males occupied so they don't have time to attack. Boxes should have 15/16" holes. Tree Greenwood uses 6-20 or more.

Remove extra boxes: An alternative approach is to have fewer boxes, so House Wren populations don't explode, and the HOWR don't attack neighbors' nests. For example, just have one box in a yard, and use a wren guard on it once an egg is laid.

Clean out old nests: in some populations, cavities with HOWR nests are preferred over empty cavities, perhaps because they may indicate prior successful use. Therefore, at the end of nesting season, clean out used nests.

Mount boxes higher up. Some (including me) have found mounting boxes at this height is not a deterrent. HOWR have been reported nesting 10.5-30 feet high. On urban trails where boxes hang high in trees, but away from shrubbery, others find House Wrens are not generally a problem. For some reason, House Wrens seldom nest in purple martin nestboxes, which are generally 12 feet or more off the ground.

Try a wren guard. To prevent House Wrens from using nestboxes, make the hole "invisible" by putting up a thin (view blocker) L-shaped piece of wood that extends from the front edge of the roof to just below the entrance hole. It needs to be about as wide as the box front, and extend below the hole. This clever device was invented by Bob Orthwein. It may work because House Wrens tend to perch on the roof and then enter the box, or fly in from short distances. The guard basically obscures the hole from view. Reports of effectiveness of this measure are mixed - some have found them very successful.

Acceptance of wren guards by Black-capped Chickadees (BCCH), Carolina Chickadees, Tufted Titmice and Eastern Bluebirds has been documented. A few people report individual female bluebirds that will not accept them. Darlene Sillick has also used them successfully on Tree Swallow nestboxes. It may take a bird a little while to accept it (e.g., one person reported 24 attempts by a chickadee until it actually entered the hole). This is why it's generally best to put it up while eggs are still being laid, so you don't interrupt incubation - it may take the parents minutes to hours to adjust to a change like this. When I put one up on a chickadee box after eggs had been laid, it was accepted in less than one minute. Another BCCH took 7 attempts in 7 minutes (she was already incubating, but the top of this guard was shiny metal which may have been a problem.) See drawing and more photos below. Bluebirds tend to be more tolerant than other species of box changes, and it may be wise to put up the wren guard as soon as the bluebirds start a nest, since once the House Wren finds the box, the guard is less effective at deterring them.

• Ideally the guard should be made of the same material as the box. It should block the view of the hole, and be a little wider than the hole on both sides. Position it just below the hole, and as close to the front of the box as possible to still allow the nester to enter - 2.0 to 2.25" away from the entrance hole - 2.5" for bluebirds.
• In a pinch you can even make a temporary one with a piece of cardboard attached with duct tape.
• Watch the box after installation to verify that the nester is able to enter.
• Put up the guard after the first egg (or two or three) of the desired-cavity nester has been laid. (On occasion, people have put the guard up before an egg was laid, and have had it accepted, especially if the parents are tolerant of monitoring.) Remove the guard when hatchlings are about 4-7 days old, as it may interfere with fledging. In addition, the female has to clamber to get into the box under the guard, which slows her down. It's also probably somewhat easier for the parents to feed without the guard in place.
• It is harder to monitor the box with a guard installed if it has a front-opening door. A bendable connection to the roof (like a piece of tin) will allow it to flex when you open the door for monitoring.
• You have to make your own, as they are not commercially available, in part because boxes are so variable. (Bluebird Loves, which is apparently out of business, used to sell one designed especially for their box.)
• If you have a Jack Finch box with a metal roof, Horace Sher suggests a 3" x 4"piece of cardboard fit in between the metal roofcover and the actual roof.
• I tried a wren guard after a House Wren began removing a chickadee nest from a box. The wren flew right underneath the guard. Perhaps they only work or are MORE likely to work if they are put up before the wren has entered a box, AND in a box that a House Wren has not nested in previously.
• Pam heard HOWR singing and put up both a hole reducer and a wren guard before the chickadees laid eggs. It was accepted by both the male and female after three attempts and a lot of "Dee-dee-deeing," and they went on to lay eggs.
• Also see untested variation which I did not find successful.

WREN GUARDS - see drawing

Photo on left with permission from Bluebird Love, Inc, photo on right of Wren Guard on Loren Hughes Slot box. Photo by the Hughes.
	Female Bluebird going under a Wren Guard. Click on photo for larger version. Photo by Cher Layton of The Bluebird Nut Cafe.
Drawing of Wren Guard Distance from front to guard should be 2.5" for bluebirds. 2.0 to 2.25" is okay for smaller birds like chickadees. I recommend pre-drilling any screw holes so you don't split the wood. You can even make a wren guard out of paint sticks. One person made one out of a cereal box (put the plain side facing out), which was flexible enough for a front opening box, and endured rainy weather. The guard doesn't have to last forever, since you remove it when the nestlings are 4-7 days old. Some people are experimenting successfully with wren guards that also have sides on them (e.g., Dick Tuttle tried plastic landscape edging that curves). However, others report that Black-capped chickadees enter from the sides. Drawing by Yvonne Domings. Photo above showing side and front view of an installed wren guard courtesy of Loren Hughes. Wren guards to NOT tend to work well after an attack has already taken place, or House Wrens have already started putting sticks in a box.
Instructions on making your own wren guard. Materials: 1 precut piece of aluminum step flashing (costs about 20 cents) A box of white cedar shim shingles (costs about $1.20) 6 very short screws, 3 slightly longer screws (that will attach guard to roof.) Bend the flashing at a 90 degree angle in the middle. Cut two pieces of shim shingles - #1 to secure the guard to the roof, and #2 to hang in front of the entrance hole. #2 should be slightly wider than the box, and extend just below the hole. Using two short screws, attach the flashing to the inside of piece #1. Predrill holes so you don't split narrow wood. Make sure screw ends don't poke out. Measure guard on box, to ensure that the distance between piece #2 and the front of the box will 2.5" for bluebirds, or 2.0 to 2.25" for smaller birds like chickadees. Screw #2 to flashing (flashing on inside, facing box, wood side facing out). Screw #1 to the roof of the box, using 3 screws in a triangle to help hold it in place. #2 should hang dead vertical in front of the box entrance. Double check distance. Remember to remove the guard after babies are 4-7 days old to make it easier for adults to feed and babies to fledge.

Other suggestions on deterring wrens:

• A study by Pribil showed that wren depredation seldom if ever occurs if the other birds' nestbox is closer than 3 to 16 feet of the wren's nest. If you're experiencing egg-pecking, find the wren's nest and either move your nestbox in close to it, or move it out over 130 feet. (Jimmy Dodson of MO reported no attacks in a paired box situation, with Tree Swallow eggs in one, and HOWR eggs in a box 10 feet away that were laid before the TRES started laying).
• Orthwein Raised Roof nestbox: A raised roof nestbox designed by Bob Orthwein, who also designed the Wren Predator Guard. See Dr. Berner's test results (found it not very effective).
• In some studies, male HOWRs attacked eggs only before pairing, and females only before laying. (Hannon and Cotterill 1998, Kennedy and White 1996, White and Kennedy 1997)
• If House Wrens begin nesting later than bluebirds in your area (this is generally the case in Connecticut), remove/plug/leave open nestboxes after the first bluebird nesting is complete. Of course this makes the boxes unavailable for a potential second/third brood of bluebirds.
• Remove the predator guard from a box occupied by nesting House Wrens.
• If eggs were laid and the door to the nestbox left open, it might prevent incubation, however this would probably be considered "harrassment" under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
• Construct decorative bird houses without a floor so they are not used by House Wrens or House Sparrows.
• If bluebirds have claimed the box (before eggs are laid), plug up the hole in late morning after each egg is laid, and then unplug it in the evening until laying is finished (4-5 eggs?) Note: This seems time consuming; House Wrens may still peck eggs after laying is complete while parents are out foraging; and I don't know whether this might lead to nest abandonment.
• If wrens are nesting in one box, and filling up other boxes in their line of sight with dummy nests, try moving the other boxes (so visibility is blocked.) I have NO idea whether this would work.
• Half Circle Wren Guard: At the 2004 NABS convention, a new style of wren guard was on display. It is a c-shaped wooden arch (same thickness as front panel) that is placed over the top of (and lined up with) the entrance hole. It does not block the view of the hole like a traditional wren guard. Supposedly it makes it difficult or impossible for wrens to enter the box, since they cling to the bottom of the entrance hole with a twig in their beak, and the extra thickness prevents them from getting closer to the box while still holding the twig. However, wrens rotate the twig in their beak so the twig sticks out like a drinking straw and then enters the box. Also, if they can still enter the box and destroy eggs and young nestlings, it might not be worthwhile. Additional information on the performance of this approach is desired - if you have experience, please contact me. To make one, take a square block of wood, put a 1 1/2 inch entrance hole in the middle of it, and then saw it in to two pieces where the saw cut would be through the center of the entrance hole.  This would make two guards where each could be installed, with two nails or screws, as an "arch" above your present nestboxes  entrances. For doors that open from the bottom, make sure the arch doesn't interfere with opening. Not suitable for a Gilwood box.
  • Testing: I tried this guard on three boxes. Two of the boxes had been occupied by House Wrens the prior year; both were occupied in the subsequent years despite the guard. Experience with the box may have overcome any deterrent effect it might have had. I put it on a third chickadee nestbox near House Wren territory and the chickadees hatched successfully. It took the incubating female three flights over an 8 minute period to check it out before accepting the guard. After the chickadees had fledged, a House Wren placed sticks in the box. Personally, I doubt whether any wren guards work well once a House Wren has discovered a box.

What usually doesn't work:

• I am not aware of any "wren-proof" or even wren-resistant bluebird nestbox. I don't know of any cavity nesters that are smaller than a House Wren, so they can fit in any hole another bird could get through.
• Extra boxes: Some people put up additional wren boxes/gourds closer to brush, at least 120 feet away from other nestboxes. Holes should be 15/16 of an inch to exclude House Sparrows. However, this can be expected to increase your local wren population and future nestbox competition as a result. Dean Sheldon found that: "This works well for the FIRST GENERATION of HOWR nesters, but....after the fledging of the HOWR chicks, the parents move on out into unexplored territory and will, then, occupy the nest boxes in the open areas. In addition, the young of those first/second nestings may well return to their natal site next year to further exacerbate the HOWR occupancy of the entire territory." Predation may be highest in areas where the population is highest, so increasing the local population would only make things worse. See Keep Them Busy option.
• Apparently monofilament and sparrow spookers do NOT deter House Wrens.
• Skylights (part plexiglass roofs) in hanging boxes or open topped boxes also do not effectively deter House Wrens.
• Placing a tin/tub of water on the nestbox floor does not deter wrens, as they may build their nest on top of the container.
• A small rubber snake. I put one with it's head and tongue sticking out of the hole in a box where House Wrens had started building. They were curious, but appeared unafraid, and within a minute or so tried to pull the rubber snake out through the hole. Eventually they built their nest right on top of it.
• Hanging boxes. HOWR will use them.
• Thick wooden guards placed over the face of the nestbox hole do not deter HOWR.

Other points of interest:

• The first year on my trail I had, I did not have any House Wrens nesting. The next year, one box was occupied by House Wrens. The following year, there were 13 active or dummy wren nests. I no longer allow them to use my nestboxes, by leaving the door open if they attempt to claim a box.
• Some research indicates that wrens destroy others nests only when they have their own nest within 20 ft to 30 ft of another nest. In that case, moving the nestbox further away may help.
• In three studies, researchers found that males attacked eggs only before pairing up with a female, and females only attacked eggs only before the laying period. However, there are anecdotal accounts of egg destruction outside of those time frames.
• Once wren egg laying is complete, destructive tendencies may subside. However, after laying their own eggs, one person reported HOWR destroying nuthatch eggs in a nest 60 feet away.
• House Wrens nestlings are prone to premature fledging if the box is monitored too late in the cycle. Several people have captured and returned a prematurely fledged birds to the nest and they remained (unlike prematurely fledged bluebird nestlings, which typically will not remain in the box.)
• A researcher at Michigan State University put plastic "craft store" eggs in a fake nest in a nestbox. The next time the boxes were checked, all the eggs were out of the boxes. They had to wire the eggs in place, even then all the eggs had holes pierced in them. Not all boxes that had eggs removed were used for nesting.
• It's possible that nuthatches may coat the entrance of their cavities with pitch to deter HOWR. Nuthatches enter the hole without touching the sides.
• Wrens can enter the side ventilation holes on a Gilbertson PVC box.
• I have found that a House Wren accidentally caught in a nestbox trap during nestbuilding or egg laying will not be deterred - it will come right back to the box after being released and build away.
• There are some anecdotal reports that HOWR move further into open areas later in the nesting season.
• Usurpation of nest sites by House Wrens, sometimes accompanied by destruction of eggs or nestlings, is primary source of nesting failure for other cavity-nesting species, including Prothonotary Warbler, Tree Swallow, chickadees, and bluebirds (Walkinshaw 1941, Kluyver 1961, Brewer 1963, Finch 1990, Rendell and Robertson 1990, Tuttle 1991, Brush 1994, Flashpoler 1996).
• "Damage by wrens may be reduced in Black-capped Chickadees, Tufted Titmice and other parids by concealing eggs under nest material during the laying period. To test if eggs were protected by covering, prelaying wrens were challenged for 1 day with a set of two boxes placed 1 m from their nest, one with two artificial eggs (miniature marshmallows) lightly covered under fur, the other with two artificial eggs in an open cup. Results varied with stage of nest-building; in 41 trials where both exposed eggs were removed, covered eggs remained in only 4 of 15 (27%) trials near early nests containing few sticks, but in 17 of 26 (65%) trials near more advanced nests. To assess effects of nest site, a box with a cup nest was placed in each of three habitats 10 or 20 m from 29 wren nests. After 1 day of habituation, two artificial eggs were placed in each nest and left exposed for 1 day. Boxes in woodland interiors were less likely than boxes in fields and along edges to be visited by wrens at least once over 2 days (66 vs. 97% visited) and were less likely to have eggs removed (10 vs. 83% removed). Competitors for nesting cavities also may escape attacks by wrens through differences in breeding period, active defense of territories or nests, or renesting." (Effect of Egg Covering and Habitat on Nest Destruction by House Wrens Douglas W. White, E. Dale Kennedy The Condor, Vol. 99, No. 4 (Nov., 1997), pp. 873-879)

Nesting Timetable: See House Wren Biology

May all your blues be birds!

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